Advanced Mobile Phone System; American counterpart to European GSM900; Frequency 824 MHz...894 MHz

The antenna gain specifies the radiation intensity an antenna would have in a specific spatial direction compared to a reference antenna, if both would be fed with the same input. The radiation intensity is the output emitted per dihedral angle element. Generally, the term antenna gain refers to the max. gain of an antenna in relationship to an isotope emitter. The direction with max. gain is also referred to as max. radiation direction.

Coaxial cables, in short: Coax cables are two-core cables with concentric design. They consists of an inner conductor (also called core), which is surrounded by the outer conductor at a constant distance. The space in between is filled with an insulator or dielectric, which may consists partially or entirely of air (see air line). The outer conductor is usually further protected toward the outside by an insulating, corrosion-proof and watertight jacket. Common coaxial cables have an outside diameter of 2 to 15 mm, special forms from 1 to 100 mm.

Multi-antenna concept where several antennas, set up at different locations, receive the signal simultaneously; a downstream analysis logic unit constantly examines the signal quality of the individual antennas and selects (not noticeable by the user) the currently best antenna; this increases the probability of receiving a better signal with less interference.

DVB-C is the abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting-Cable and designates a version of DVB, used for the broadcasting of digital added-value services via cable. This is normally the digital distribution of television signals. The broadcasting system DVB-C also permits the additional digital broadcasting of radio programs.

DVB-S (Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite) is the DVB version for broadcasting via satellite.

DVB-T is the abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial and designates the terrestrial (= earth-bound) broadcasting signal in the atmosphere. DVB-T is a version of Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) used especially in various European countries and in Australia as standard for the broadcasting of digital television and radio via antenna. The North American equivalent to DVB is called ATSC, the Japanese one ISDB. In Great Britain the terms "Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT)" and also, if free of charge ("Pay-TV"), "Freeview" are used.

The receiver is equipped with the Electronic Channel Organizer ECHO; we recommend using it since this will allow you to always receive the most current programs.

More and more radio and television programs use the digital broadcasting format DVB exclusively (Digital Video Broadcasting). More than 1,200 television and radio programs can already be received today via the most important satellite system Astra 19.2°, Eutelsat Hot Bird 13° East and Turksat 42° .

Modern satellite receivers have all key programs stored when delivered. But what happens then? New interesting stations are added each week. To store these stations in an existing Set-Top box is not quite that easy for most viewers. In addition, new programs are usually simply pushed to the "back" requiring the viewer to reprogram his list with quite some effort.

ECHO provides the viewer (and also the listener, because we also had radio in mind) with a straightforward means to always be up-to-date. ECHO takes care of programming for you, and all this at no cost. It allows you to perform certain basic settings, such as setting a country or a regional program and to filter out erotic programs and foreign languages.

Each time when you switch on your receiver, ECHO checks for new programs. This takes only a few seconds. If new programs are detected they are automatically stored and displayed on the screen as new programs. If programs are removed for good, these program slots are deleted. The new programs, however, are not simply added but grouped into logic blocks; some ranges may therefore remain unassigned. However, with this procedure the general program list needs to be overwritten each time, which then deletes all changes you have made manually in the general program list.

Still, programming you own stations is not a problem. You can set up your own program list in parallel as favorites list (favorite lists are not changed by a new ECHO list) or you can deactivate ECHO at any time via the "Factory settings". ECHO gives you the freedom to do either.

Frequency (Latin: frequentia, incidence), formula symbol 'f' (technical) or sometimes the Greek letter v (ny, physics) generally refers to the number of events within a specific period. These are mostly regularly repeated events, that is, events with a fixed interval between them, which is the period or period of oscillation. Frequency then is the reciprocal of the period. Its dimension is therefore 1/time. The unit of frequency, Hertz - abbreviated Hz, is derived accordingly from the SI base unit second (s): It is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Apart from an event frequency per time interval, frequency can also designate the event frequency in a specific area, see also spatial frequency.

Gain is the counterpart of roll-off. This is then an enhancement of the amplitude, the stroke or better excursion of an oscillation. To increase the oscillation, the system must be supplied with energy, since an oscillation diminishes if no new energy is supplied to it. Gain is normally expressed in dB (decibel).

A Global Positioning System (GPS) is any satellite-supported navigation system. However, the term GPS is generally used specifically for the NAVSTAR-GPS of the U.S. Department of Defense for worldwide positioning. The NAVSTAR-GPS satellite system replaces the old satellite navigation system Transit of the United States Navy, analogous to the Vela satellites for locating nuclear bomb explosions. GPS was originally intended for the positioning and navigation in the military (in weapons systems, war ships, airplanes, etc.). It is now increasingly used in civilian applications: in maritime shipping, aviation, navigation systems in cars, orientation in outdoor areas, surveying, etc. In agriculture it is used with the so-called precision farming for the positioning of the machines on the fields. GPS is now also used in competitive sports. The Assisted GPS (A-GPS) was developed especially for use in mobile phones.

General Standard for Mobile Communication or Global System for Mobile Communication or Groupe Speciale Mobile; European mobile radio standard; available since 1987; verticale polarisation

See GSM900 or GSM

High Definition Television (HDTV) is a collective term designating a series of television standards distinguishing itself against conventional television (Standard Definition, SDTV) by its enhanced vertical, horizontal and/or temporal resolution. "HDTV" should not be confused with 16:9 or digital (DTV, in Europe in DVB-Standard) or digital terrestrial television (DTTV, in Europe DVB-T), as is the case through the concurrent introduction in several countries. Advertising sometimes highlights EDTV (Enhanced Definition or Digital Television); although the respective devices condition the SDTV signals digitally or accept HDTV signals, they render them at a lower resolution. EDTV is also categorized as HDTV, especially in countries with NTSC television standard outside of the EU, however, it is only a progressive version of SDTV. At different periods, due to the state-of-the-art, other resolutions were labeled as high-resolution. Currently, vertical resolutions of 720 (frames) and 1080 lines (half frames) are customary. The previous television standards PAL and SECAM, by comparison, provide 576 lines (50 Hz), NTSC 480 lines (60 Hz) each in interlace scanning.

Impedance (from Latin: imedire - impede/hinder) in electrical engineering refers to the complex alternating current resistance C of a linear passive double-pole (see also complex alternating current computation), a line, a capacitor, an inductivity or with electromagnetic (or also acoustic) wave propagation (see also wave impedance). Because these are not specific resistances as single objects, experts in the field prefer using this term to make a distinction. Impedance is very important for the matching of high-frequency lines, but also with wave propagation in free space. For example, if the input impedance of a device does not match the impedance of the line, reflections occur which reduce the power transfer, which, in turn, can lead to resonance occurrences and thus to a non-linear frequency response. This does not matter for transmissions on a line with significantly less than one wavelength (power supply lines, loudspeaker lines).

The principle of coupling in electronics relates to signal coupling between two points. A distinction is made here: There is conductive coupling, inductive coupling and capacitive coupling. A further division into subcritical coupling and supercritical coupling is made in the area of coupling processes of high-frequency signals where coupling affects the circuit quality of participating oscillating circuits. The strength of a coupling in electronics is expressed by a coupling factor. Feedback is a typical application of coupling in electronics (communication technology): Part of the energy an amplifier emits (e.g. an operational amplifier) is returned on one of its inputs. This creates an electronic oscillator.

The amplitude-modulated frequency ranges long wave, medium wave and short wave.

Matching defines how well the output resistance of an antenna is matched to the input resistance of the connected receiver; both resistances must be identical to provide optimal output transmission; a mismatch is present if the resistances differ (part of the signal output received is reflected by the receiver and deflected again by the antenna); rated in dB; see return loss

The noise number, sometimes also called noise factor, of an amplifier or another electrical two-port, is the ratio of the signal-noise relationship at the input port to the signal-noise relationship at the output port of the two-port. The noise factor is usually specified in logarithmic format (in dB) as "noise measure". A distinction is sometimes made between the non-logarithmic noise factor F and the logarithmized noise measure NF.

Personal Communication Network, an outdated term for the mobile radio standard GSM 1800.

See GSM1800 or PCN

Personal Communication System, an outdated term for the mobile radio standard GSM 1900.

The physical term polarization is used also in antenna technology. The direction of the electromagnetic field component of an electromagnetic wave and the room position of an antenna determine the polarization of the reflection. A distinction is made between the linear and the circular polarization of an antenna. Linear Polarization [Edit] With linear polarization the direction of the electromagnetic field component is constant. Two other main forms of polarization can be derived from the linear polarization: The vertical polarization with the electrical field running perpendicular to the earth's surface. The horizontal polarization with the electrical field running parallel to the earth's surface. Of course, linear polarization can assume any other direction in space, where only the positions ±45° are designated in addition to the vertical and horizontal polarization. Circular Polarization [Edit] With the circular polarization, the field strength vector rotates right-handed or left-handed vertically to the direction of propagation Z (right-handed/left-handed circular polarization). A circular polarization is created by two plane-polarized antennas shifted by 90° and, at the same time, offset by 90°. An elliptic polarization is created if the amplitudes of two such linear components do not have the same size.

The term ‘return loss R' is frequently used especially with the description of line properties. The return loss factor designates the ratio of the transmitted to the reflected output. Because the output is proportional to the value square of the voltage, the return loss factor can be expressed by the reflection factor.

The term EIA-232, formerly RS-232, designates a standard for a serial interface which was introduced in the early 1960's by an U.S. standardization committee (today EIA - Electronic Industries Alliance).

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, better known by the abbreviation UMTS, stands for the mobile radio standard of the third generation (3G) permitting significantly higher data transfer rates than possible with the GSM standard. The fast data transmission and the independence through mobility are the key elements of the third generation. The specific advantages lie in the entirely new application possibilities.

Very High Frequency waves (VHF) designate electromagnetic waves in a frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, according to the wavelengths between 10 and 1 meter. They are thus positioned between the short waves (longer) and the decimeter waves (shorter). In German-speaking countries the term UKW (Ultra-Kurzwelle) is used for very high frequency waves. Generally, the German term UKW is used only for UKW (FM) radio in the VHF band II. However, the very high frequency waves also include the frequency bands VHF band I and VHF band II used for television stations as well as the lower and upper special channels of cable television. The hyper band (expanded special channel range) and the frequency bands UHF band IV and UHF band V, on the contrary, belong to the decimeter waves.

Wavelength, symbol ?/? (Greek: Lambda) designates the smallest distance between two points of the same phase of a wave. Two points thereby have the same phase if they meet in the same manner, i.e. if they have the same amplitude and the same direction of movement on the timeline. In the case of water waves, the wavelength corresponds, for example, to the distance of two adjacent wave crests or wave troughs. It is the spatial analog to the period.